Requirments of production

The pre production process

Our task

In our group, we had the task we had to create a 90 second short film of our own choice. After the pre production and shooting all of the short film we decided to distribute it on networking sites such as YouTube and the depict website along with other social networking sites. We thought that this would be the best method for getting most views. The 90 second depict short film contest is a challenge which encourages young film makers to show what they can do in a minute and a half, the winner in which they decide wins a set prize, the only rule for this contest is that it has to be one minute and a half so the film can be of any chosen genre or style.

Other types of moving image text

Other types of moving image media products include feature length films which is just a feature length of a feature film. Another moving image media product would be animation, this is a  film which is usually a fantasy genre and it is usually aimed at a younger audience because it is usually individual drawings, painting or illustrations which are photographed frame by frame. A different media product are television programs, which is also known as a series, this is a set of episodes where the story develops throughout each series. As you watch TV you may have noticed that between programs you may see advertisements which are advertising a product or place created by a company, these are always a short and snappy clip which includes pictures, small amounts of text and slogans. This can also be an indent, which is advertising an channel such as a news channel. Another form of a media production include music videos , music artists use this type of moving image to give their audience a visual experience along with the music.

Distribution

•  Some ways in which you can distribute these types of moving images include DVD's, which also includes blue ray, Feature length films, animations and television series are usually distributed this way. 
• A different and more dated way of distributing different media products is a VHS which is a video home system. Animations and feature length films would be produced on a video home system before DVD's were developed. 
• Television sets are very popular for distributing all of the moving image products mentioned above. Another method is online so you can watch the programs on demand, this method is convenient for those who have the correct equipment.
•  Feature length films, animations, series and music videos are available online. However you can download feature length films and series and including any animations, this can be done via internet. 
• Another distributing method include going to the cinema or theater, feature length films and animations are shown in that method. 
• Types of moving image media products can be sown in public screenings, which is a projector showing feature length films projecting onto a large building for the members of the public to watch as it is shown.

Finance and sources of funding

Some ways in which they may deice to finance and fund the film include private investors are a company or a individual person whose shares are privately held and not traded on the stock market that make investments.
 Some film makers find there finance sources from kick starting the film, this is when you get money from the public to then create the film.
 They may decide to fund the film by getting a loan from their bank, this means the bank will give them money to pay for the production of the film but they must give the money back to the bank. However the company may decide to self fund their film, this means paying the expenses with their own personal money.
 Some directors such as Zach Braff  go with the option of crowd funding, which is asking the general public for their money and asking friends and family to help you out however some organisations say you have to reach your target or you don't get a set amount of money but others don't. This is always the best option to go with depending on the circumstances.
 If they have already submitted a short clip or a proposal for a film, they could even send a script to a competition and if they win they prize wold mean they get money from it, they could then use that money to fund the film they are making.
 Whilst making the film, the producer of the film may decide to have their film sponsored by a sponsorship company which they will have to appear at the end or before the film. they may decide to contact the BFI (British film industry) which uses lottery money to fund and support film development, production and also the distribution in the UK.
They may also decide to use studio backing to fund the majority of the film, studio backing funds films such as Jurassic world Studio backing is

Requirements

For every film you need to spend the money you have on every aspect of art of the film, a few requirements they will consider include:

• Costumes, they will spend money on getting the right costumes for each and every character in the film. 
• They will also have to spend money on makeup products, to give the illusion of something different, this is especially popular in horror and thriller films, for the SPFX makeup products as well.
• They money what they have will have to be spent on the casting crew. Money is spend on the cast ad crew for their undivided time and effort being in the film. The cast and crew will get aid after shooting. The producer is required to pay expenses for any accommodation or anything they may need. The majority of payment will be payable by the first day of pre-production.
• Equipment is an obvious requirement for film making, the equipment is there to physically shoot the film. Weather they own the equipment of hire the equipment from a company, it has an expense which needs to be paid for.
• If the producer wishes to advertise their film, then they would need to pay money in order for this to be done. They may decide to create a trailer to then distribute on the internet or on television sets, or they may make posters etc. 
• Distribution is important after production because it gets the film on screens and in cinemas for people to watch. Film distribution is the process of making a movie available for viewing by an audience. 
• The producer will spend money on catering for the cast and crew, this is a important thing to include if you are filming for a long day. 
• Props may play a big part in the film. This is a lot like costumes so they are needed to be paid for if needed. 
• Locations are needed for the set, so it is vital that the producer gets permissions to film on those grounds by the authority or whoever owns that particular ground. If it is further way then travel and accommodation expenses will need to be paid for as well depending on where the film is going to shot.
• There will be a expenses for the editing during post production, so the software, the equipment will need to be paid for. There will be someone during post production who will edit the film who will also need to be paid for. 
• Licenses need to be paid for such as music rights (to be sure your not using copyright), and to film in a certain location. You also need to pay for licenses and permissions to use child actors in your film. These are all important because it would be illegal if you did not have permissions to do so. 

Requirements for my depict project

For my depict project "The Spinning Top" the only prop which we used was the spinning top because that was the focus point throughout the entire short clip, but we also used a bike at the end shot. We didn't require any different clothing for the actor so we just decided to use his casual clothes such as his jeans and a jumper, this is the same for other actor. But both the spinning top and the bicycle is owned by one of the group members who didn't own the receipt so we could not claim back the money spent on it. We used recce forms and location release forms to get permission by the main user of the room we filmed and by the caretaker to film a few shots outside. The equipment we used was a DLSR camera to shoot the physical clip. As well as a 10 g SD card to store all of the footage. To get a still shot we used a tripod to connect the camera on in order to get the shot we needed. When we wanted a moving shot, we connected the camera onto a shoulder brace to get a steady but moving shot. To edit the film we used the software called Adobe Premiere pro. The collage had paid for all of the equipment and the software in advance for the student to use as and when we need it, we just needed to rent out the equipment when we needed it with out student ID card.

Personnel

The typical team for a moving image production in a low budget short film may include a small amount of people who may potentially need to double up in roles in order to cover everything. A low budget film would probably be self funded so the director may have to do the majority of the jobs and roles. The different platforms of people in a low budget short film include the filming aspect of the short clip. There may be another platform with someone creating the music for the low budget film. Along the end of the post production there may be someone in particular working on the distribution of the film. A few people who will be on set during a low budget film include a director, who is there until the beginning until the end of the production of the film, the director of the low budget film may also take on the role of a producer, this is because there are so many different aspects towards being a producer. The production designer and also the art director are most likely to be merged together when making a film on a low budget., this may also include a production manager. These people are in charge of the production design. During post production of the film, there will likely be a editor who is then able to cut the film together. Along with the editor there may also be a sound recordist who is in charge or everything to do with recording sound. For a low budget production the costume designer and the hair and makeup department will likely be merged together to take on both roles. they will be in charge of the costumes and the makeup aspect with also making purchases for their needed products as and when they need them.
The typical team for a television programme will include a lot of people along with a lot of different cameras. During the pre production, the production and the post production which will include the distribution of the programme, there will be a main director which will be there on set and included throughout the entire process. During the process of this, a producer will be available  but the producer will be doing most of the different aspects of everything such as the financial aspects and all of the organisations as well as organizing the teams. There will be a line producer to ensure that the product or products meet the deadlines. Television programme's will change depending on what the story line is for that series or scene so there will be a production designer and an art director, to be in charge of designing the set of the programme and in charge of the set. these are more likely to be two separate people for a television series. There will be a costumes designer to design and organise costumes for each character and there will also be a makeup and hair artist on set. Specifically for a television series there will be a story board artist who is in charge of sketching out the story board for the series for everyone to follow. There will also be a stills photographer for publicity reasons so they can advertise using those images.
The typical team for a Hollywood feature film for a moving image media production will include a director who may move from project to project so that person may not be there 24/7. There will be a producer during this process throughout making the holly wood feature film, this person organises the money and they also make sure the team is there on time and where they need to be. On set, there will be a line producer who will ensure that the feature film meets the initial and set deadlines. A Hollywood feature film will most likely need a director of photography who will be in charge of the technicality of the way the film is lit and how it is also shot throughout the production process. There will be an  production designer as well as an art director, this means that there will be a specific someone on set to provide the designed set according to the story board which will be provided by the storyboard artist. Hollywood films always have the best actors so they will need to be provided with a costume designer to create and gather the costumes for each cast member, they will also need to be provided with a hair and makeup artist on set to fix any problems which they may have whilst producing the film. During post production, there will be a sound recordist along with an editor to cut the entire film together and add any sound needed before distribution.

Depict roles

Before we began the pre production we allocated different parts of the work between three of us. The way we allocated it was mostly by more experience. I done all of the important paperwork such as the location releases and the recce forms however all three of us put a part into the storyboard. Macaulay was behind the camera until the last shot when we was in front of the camera so in these shots, Kyle was behind the camera to shoot a few shots at the end. Whilst Macaulay was behind the camera Kyle was in front of the camera for most of the shots through the depict short. Macaulay had some experience shooting and being behind the camera from doing past courses and Kyle was happy to be in front of the camera. I have experience with business and theory work so i was able to understand the paper work and fill it all out correctly. With the post production we all edited the footage and cut the short film together, we all put effort into the editing as well the same as we all did with the storyboard.

Cast and other contributions 

• One person who will be behind the scenes of the production will be the film/ video editor, this person is usually in the freelance work. This person will be responsible for putting together all of the raw material and will include the dialogue and any sound or visual effects required. 
• On set but not on camera, there will be a lighting technician, this person will all lighting equipment is set up and will operate them throughout the production process. 
• On set will be a production designer, these people are typically responsible for the visual concept of the production.
• Television camera operator. this team work with all of the digital equipment to produce the physical shots required. 
• Cast, these are a group of people who are in front of the camera. These people are chosen and contacted by the casting agent.
• Main role- This is also known as the main character, who we see a lot throughout any moving media production.
• Lead role- This person will also be seen a lot throughout the media production. However there may be two lead roles, this is typically a couple of people who stay together throughout the production seen in the footage.
• There will also be two or three supporting roles, depending on the media concept.
• Again depending on the concept there may be some 'extras' who may be shown throughout the production.  

 Time frame 

The time frame for our depict project was three weeks until distribution. We used the first week to get all of the pre production paperwork, so we could get all of the permissions and signatures. The second week was full and busy of the production process to gather all of the raw material and footage we required. The third and last week was editing and cutting together all of the footage before distribution.
When you do not meet the deadlines in the professional industry the production is pushed back which will cause problems for all of the cast and the crew. The company who made the film will lose money from it if it doesn't get produced and distributed on time. It will also damage the reputation of the film maker.
In class we were able to meet the set deadlines in time for the distribution date, so no deadlines were pushed back and there were no complications.

Equipment/Facilities

In a professional moving image production,  to obtain the equipment you have to hire/rent or buy them from a website of choice. A professional moving image production  may use equipment like a camera, a tripod and audio equipment.   The most local moving image facility house is in Norwich.

During our depict project, the equipment which was available to us was the DLSR camera, a trip as well as a shoulder rig and and SD card to store all of the raw footage onto. We obtained this equipment by hiring the equipment from the collage's AV room with out student cards. This part of the department at the collage do consider changes in technology as well as the finances and costs.

Locations

During the pre production process we decided we wanted to film our depict short mostly in the classroom W12, to get permission to do this we filled out a location release form which we got the dominant user of the classroom to sign which gave us permission to use the room. We also used the area behind a building, so we filled out another location release form and got the caretaker to sign which gave us permission to film in that area of the collage.
Location recces are scouting for places to film certain shots. For the location recces we has to take pictures of the potential places we wanted to film. Location releases are forms which we have to fill in and sign as well as get permission from certain people in order to shoot in that area.
We chose the room W12 to shoot most our depict short because the room was easy access to us all and we didn't need to use any specific props which we didn't already have possession of. We also chose to use an empty area behind a building for a few shots in the collage because that was also easy access to us. It had a grassy area which is the type of area we wanted for the last few shots. We chose the areas by considering a few rooms and places around the collage during the scouting process, we narrowed it down to the areas we used because they are enclosed spaces; the areas we used are small.
The risks we all faced were  breaking the glass and loosing the spinning top in the throwing scene of the spinning top  as the original plan was to throw it out of a slightly opened window, however to prevent this potential mistake from happening we changed the scene so instead of having it thrown out of the window. The actor walked out of the door to go outside and makes the action of throwing it to prevent losing it and breaking any glass. We also faced a potential cause of the actor riding the bicycle and causing any injury. To prevent this we cut the scene of the riding bike and placed the bike down as we wanted it to be just for the end shot.


Materials 
The various types of materials you may need for a production include:

• Props and costumes, this is what the actors will be wearing and using throughout the production in certain shots. To have these materials you also need to posses the materials to make the props and costumes. 
• Special effects makeup and beauty makeup. The actors will also be wearing this depending on the genre of the film which is being produced. You are going to need the makeup materials for the makeup and hair artists to use for the illusion on the actors. 

• Audio; the sound operator will use the original audio and material however they may also decide to include additional material using sound libraries according to the script.  

Financial considerations 
When using certain materials, the production company will need to consider copyright when considering financial situations because if the company want to use a certain song which has copyright on it or to use someones work then they would need to may a substantial amount of money along with getting permissions to use it. The company may have or decide to get a royalty free insurance which means that they have the right to use copyrighted materials without the need to pay royalties or licensing fees. The company will also need to pay licensing fees to use copyrighted materials if they do not have royalty free licensees. Using the company's budget they will need to buy props for the actors to use.

Legal issues

• Health and safety. Multiple risk assessments will be carried out to ensure everybody's health and safety in the workplace. 
• Employers rights. All employees in the workplace immediately have employers rights which the employer must take into consideration. 
• Equal opportunities. This is an act where people should be treated equal and should not be looked down upon because of their age, disability, sexual orientation or their ethnic origin. 
• Exclusivity. This stops people from working with more than one party on a project, this means you can only deal with one party you signed up too first. 

Copyright

Copyright protects your work and prevents other people using your work without permission. Copyrights stops people from putting your work on the internet and making adaptions to it. In the film industry, copyright lasts 70 years after death of the director, screenplay author and the composer however  in broadcasts the copyright only lasts 50 years after it is broadcasted. The length of the copyrights effects the production depending on when the work was created. You can keep your moral rights or you can let them pass. This gives you the rights too object how the work is presented and to object to changes of your work.

Copyright did not effect our depict project as we did not want to use any material from someone elses work, the music and the sound effect we used are found online.

• Clearance:  Official authorization for something to proceed or take place. This means that the main people involved in the production need to get authorization from the authority to do something, they need to get permission to use something for the production.
•  Public liability insurance: This insurance covers most business to ensure that your business has the right insurance. This means that if that company gets this certain insurance then it is certain that the business will have the insurance they need at any needed time.
• Completion guarantee/ insurance: This is a bond provided by the guarantor that a film will be finished in the agreed time frame and schedule.  This means that there is a set time schedule to get all of the production work finished which is not only agreed by you, but by the guarantor instead.
• Associations:  This is similar to a trade union, this is also an organisation where people in the same field of work or people with the same interests come together and stay together as a group.
• Trade unions: An organisation with members who are workers or employees. In this organisation, employees can be involved with other employees in the same position of them, this means that they can have a discussion with their employer about any issues which they may have.

Regulation 

 The regulatory body is an independent regulator and competition for the UK communication industries. The regulatory body consider and deal with complaints by the public about program's  transmitted by all broadcasters licensed in the UK.
OFCOM is the communications regulator in the UK, the function of OFCOM is too ensure that the people in the UK get the best form their communications service and are protected from scams and sharp practices but making sure that the competition is still ongoing.
The BBC is regulated by both OFCOM and it is also regulated by the office of fair trading. This is different to OFCOM because OFCOM is the UK's communications regulator, whether as the BBC's regulator mainly deals with the complaints towards the BBC and what is shown.
The BBFC is the British board of film classification, this organisation looks at all of the submitted work what is sent to them and they look at the content and the tone what the film comes across as to consider the viewers feelings carefully. The content what they look out for to classify the age or classification of the film is:

• Discrimination.
• Drugs.
• Horror.
• Imitable behavior. 
• Language used.
• Nudity.
• Sex.
• Sexual violence.

Regulation on moving image products distribution

OFCOM can protect audiences in areas such as taste, decency, fairness and privacy.When regulating a moving image production OFCOM regulated the use of drugs, smoking, solvent use and alcohol.
In the BBFC the regulations for this organisation is to protect children and vulnerable adults and to also empower customers.
From the Internets regulation and researching about it, i have learnt that the organisations to protects audiences such as OFCOM only have control over what is distributed on television such as a television program but they do not have any control over videos on media websites such as YouTube. This related to our depict project because we distributed our work on the collage's YouTube channel which the regulation organisations can't get hold of to potentially check our content to then ensure that it isn't effecting any of the viewers.

Trade unions

A trade union is an organisation made up of members, this membership must be made up of mainly workers. The trade union or trade association works to protect and advance the interests of it members in the work place. This can also take form of a partner agreement between the employer and the trade union.
This organisation is important because they negotiate agreements with employers on pay and conditions as well as discuss major changed to the work place for improvement.
PACT is the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television. This organisation helps to shape the best possible regulatory environment for the independent production sector to grow.
A trade association is an organisation founded and funded by a business which operate in a specific industry. The BIMA association supports and promotes the British digital industry and it also shares knowledge of the best practice.